Group+6-+1917+Revolution

= 1917 Revolution = By : Taylor, Kimia and James

The Julian calendar was Introduced 46 BC By Julius Caesar. It was developed by Alexander Astronomer and was designed to approximate the tropical year. The Julian calendar Remained in use till the 20th century, particularly in Eastern Europe and used by "Orthodox" for the ecclesiastical parts.
 * Julian/Gregorian Calendar **

The Gregorian calendar was introduced in 1582 and it was a more astronomically accurate calendar. In the revolution of Russia in the year 1917 Russia would use the Julian calendar and the western would use the Gregorian calendar. During the 20th century the Julian calendar fell 13days behind the Gregorian calendar. So because of these dates prior to February 1st 1918 use Julian calendar dates after this point would use Gregorian calendar. The Julian calendar was in general use in Western Europe from the times of the Roman Empire until 1582, when Pope Gregory XIII promoted the Gregorian calendar, which was soon used by most Roman Catholic countries. The Protestant countries followed later, and the countries of Eastern Europe even later. Russia remained on the Julian calendar until after the Russian Revolution in 1917; Greece continued to use it until 1923.

Although all eastern European countries had adopted the Gregorian calendar by 1923, the Orthodox Churches located in them had not. A Revised Julian Calendar was proposed during a synod in Constantinople in May of 1923, consisting of a solar part, which was and will be identical to the Gregorian calendar until the year 2800, and a lunar part that calculated Pasha astronomically at Jerusalem. No local Orthodox Church accepted the lunar part of this proposal, so almost all Orthodox Churches continue to celebrate Pasha according to the Julian calendar. Turkey also adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1927. 

 

The Provincial Government was faced with many challenges. After the fall of Nicholas the II, the Tsar, there were many difficult decisions to be made. Alexander Kerensky was elected as the new leader of the provincial government. He was the popular vote due to his political past. During the end of July, Kerensky had to deal with the social, political and economic problems that Russia was facing. Problems such as food shortages, inflation and economic dislocation. The Kornilov Coup was a direct parallel to the Great War and it brought attention to the difficulties that the Russian government was dealing with.
 * Kornilov Coup **

After the fall of the Eastern Front, Keresnky decided to replace Alexei Brusilov with general Lavr Kornilov. From the very beginning Kerensky and Kornilov had clashing opinions. Kornilov wanted Keresnky and the government to get rid of Lenin and the German spies, military discipline restored and the provincial government restructured. Kerensky disagreed with his opinions and refused to take responsibility of the situation. Their relationship quickly fell apart and lead to a huge misunderstanding.

The Kornilov Coup was a failed military affair attempted by Lavr Kornilov against the provisional government lead by Alexander Kerensky. It happened July 1917 in between the fall of the Tsar and the October revolution. There are a few different theories. One theory that many historians believe is that the Kornilov Coup was a misunderstanding between Kornilov and Kerensky. Kerensky had a lot of pressure on him at this time. He was afraid that Kornilov would attack him and he would lose his power and authority over the civilians of Russia. Kornilov had wanted power so that his opinions could be heard and accepted. When Kornilov had started marching with approximately 7000 soldiers Kerensky started to panic. Kerensky had accused Kornilov for treason and looked to the Bolsheviks for help, just incase there was an attack on the government. Within days there was 25000 troops sent from the Bolsheviks to defend Petrograd. The troops set up for War; Kornilov had decided not to attack Petrograd. The provisional government immediately arrested him.

Another theory that was considered was that Vladimir Lvov was playing the middleman between Kerensky and Kornilov. Lvov was a former member of Duma and a current member of the provisional government. Lvov was unpopular when he was the leader because the Russian people didn’t like his war position and his middle class background. Many people believe that he could have been the mastermind behind the Kornilov Coup. Even though there was no military coup or bloodshed there were still many repercussions. The Kornilov coup had weakened the provisional government and provided the chance for Lenin to grab the opportunity that he needed. It definitely had a huge impact on the downfall of the provisional government. Kerensky’s persona had been affected by the affair because the military and many of the civilians had seen him as weak and foolish. While weakening the provisional government in return it had strengthened the Bolsheviks. They had increased their amount of weapons when they were asked to help Kerensky. This allowed the Bolsheviks a real chance to attempt a successful revolution.

In Conclusion, The Kornilov Coup is an example of a little problem being blown out of proportion. The miscommunication between Kerensky and Kornilov could have been prevented. Even though there was no bloodshed in the coup the outcomes for the provisional government were not positive. Although Kerensky survived the Kornilov Coup he had made a fool of himself and it had weakened his government and eventually contributed to the fall of the government. There were many negative impacts for the provisional government, but the Bolsheviks had the opportunity to strengthen their platform.

In our opinion, Kerensky and the provisional government made many mistakes when dealing with the Kornilov Coup. He didn’t try to contact Kornilov and deal with the situation maturely. The dispute could have not been such a bid deal. Kerensky’s assistant Boris Savinkov told him that it was probably just a misunderstanding, but he didn’t listen. Also, Kerensky didn’t remain calm in the situation. He is the leader of the government and when he panicked all of the people of Russia lost confidence in their government. The government and Kerensky didn’t react professionally. The Kornilov Coup was an affair that could have been easily prevented. **Peace, Land and Bread **

Peace, land and bread were known as the battle of cry in the 1917 October Revolution. Some people might say that it changed the history of Russia. It all started when Ivan and Tsar concentrated on their power and control. They did this by taking the power from the nobility to make them seem stronger. Which developed into slave life back in the 1800s. This is because not all the power and wealth was spread among the people, only a certain percentage benefited.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Nicholas II became Tsar in 1984. Russia had just been at war with Japan. They had been humiliated and had to pay the consequences. Russia was forced to form a constitution that included a parliament. The policy was planned like this because it would be set in Russia's politics. Further Industrialization of Russia caused a great number of workers and members to unite together. The workers formed an organization knows as the “Soviets” (Social Democrats). Nicholas wanted to get back the power that Russia had lost. This forced the need to split the Soviets up into two groups. Forming the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks. Russia was not strong enough and not prepared for the split at the time; therefore the Russian army suffered terribly. Russia was not ready for the Great War. The Russians experienced food shelters, Economic crisis, and had suffered terrible defeats. By March 1917 10 million peasants had been forced into military services, 1.5 million killed and 4 million wounded and women were sent to work in factories. The Peace, land and bread had begun. The Russians couldn’t take it anymore; they were done tolerating, so the workers and soldiers began to protest. “ Give us back our peace land and bread!” Women started to go on strike and the army started to rebel in Petrograd. The provisional government was forced to stop the riots. When the people started realizing that the provisional government wasn’t working for them, the Bolsheviks quickly rose to power. Lenin had returned fro exile to lead the newly forming soviet government. The Bolsheviks expected the provisional government follow their demands, which was to back out of the Great War, distribution of land to peasants and the reduction of labor hours. Russia was part of a treaty that allowed other countries to help Russia with their war efforts. The provisional government had no intention in pulling out of the Great War. The provisional government wasn’t working for the people. Soldiers, Sailors and citizens of Russia had given full support to the Bolshevik government.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Bolsheviks managed to get Russia out of the Great War. It was not until 1920 that there was a civil war that broke out in Russia. By 1920 the Bolsheviks had controlled the nation. Most people look at this point of Russian history and remember it as the beginning of the soviet era.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Yes, we agree that the Bolsheviks plan was to make the October Revolution look like a glorious event. The goal for their propaganda campaign was to demonize their enemy, to teach people about the new policies and the idea that Bolsheviks were the saviors of the working people. The Bolshevik propaganda campaign advertised in newspapers, posters and television adds. They were their own propaganda machine and they wanted to persuade the people’s opinions as much as possible.



<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">As the Tsar’ s power started to decline after the February Revolution of 1917 there were two rival institutions that were competing for power. They were the Duma and the Petrograd Soviets. When Nicolas II resigned as Tsar he nominated his brother Grand Duke Michael. Michael did not want the tainted throne so he signed it off to a Provisional Government under Georgy Lvov which would rule until the Constituent Assembly determined Russia’ s new type of government. The provisional Government would control essential government services and set elections to the assembly. However, its power was limited by the Petrograd’ s growing authority.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Provisional Government **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In return of the Petrograd Soviet’ s cooperation the Provisional Government had to carry out eight measures. This included the full and immediate amnesty for all political prisoners and exiles; freedom of speech, press, assembly, and strikes; the abolition of all class, group and religious restrictions; the election of a Constituent Assembly by universal secret ballot; the substitution of the police by a national militia; democratic elections of officials for municipalities and townships and the retention of the military units that had taken place in the revolution that had overthrown Nicholas II. Later, Alexander Kerensky of the Duma became the Minister of War and Alexei Brusilov became the army’ s Commander in Chief.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Lvov was very unpopular because of his war position and his middle class background. He would resign and was replaced by Kerensky who was a pro war advocate but had a working class background. He would launch a summer offensive which caused two million eastern front soldiers to desert. The deserters turned around and used their weapons on Russian nobility by either killing them or burning their houses. This caused a redistribution of the land which the new Commander of the Russian Army Lavr Kornilov thought should be dealt with capital punishment. Kornilov was dismissed by Kerensky and sent back to Petrograd. He would later send troops under General Krymov to take control of Petrograd.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Kerensky realized he was now in trouble so he called the Soviets and Red Guards under the Bolsheviks to protect Petrograd. The leader of the Bolsheviks, Vladimir Lenin emphasized that the Bolsheviks were fighting against Kornilov rather than for Kerensky. Within days the Bolsheviks enlisted 25,000 men to defend Petrograd. While Lenin’ s men prepared for battle by digging trenches and fortifying the city meetings were held and Kornilov decided to not attack the city and was therefore arrested while Krymov committed suicide. Afterwards the Bolsheviks had 25,000 troops and control of the Soviets. Meanwhile, Kerensky was still unpopular because of the war and therefore he was unable to reassert his authority. On November 8th Kerensky realized that the Bolsheviks were going to seize power so he left Petrograd. Later that day the Bolsheviks invaded the Winter Palace and arrested some members of Kerensky’ s cabinet. The Provisional Government would be replaced with a government lead by Vladimir Lenin.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In conclusion, the mistakes that the Provisional Government made were that they did not listen to the people and pull out of the Great War and become neutral. Also they made mistakes by constantly changing those in the Government rather than just changing their policies. Last, Kerensky made the mistake of not stopping the deserters from the atrocities that they committed and instead Kerensky fired the man who wanted disciplinary action. Had the Russian Provisional Government done this they would have succeeded.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">We believe that the Bolshevik government would be a better government for the Russian Citizens. The Bolsheviks paid more attention to the people. During 1917 there was a lot of talk of a revolution the people needed change. The provisional government wasn’t listening to the needs of the people. The Bolsheviks expressed the overwhelming need to end the war, they wanted land to be distributed so that not all the wealth and power was centralized and they wanted bread to be given to Russian cities. The provisional government was too worried about their own power and authority. Russia needed a big change and the Soviets coming into power sent a strong message to the people that change was going to happen and their voices were being heard. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden;">

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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">[] <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Kornilov Coup, August 1917: Military blocs or autonomous class struggle? <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">October 17, 2010

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